In such cases, it has been suggested that surveying subunits within a larger sample unit may be an efficient substitution (i.e., space-for-time substitution). However, this approach requires replicate detection/non-detection data at a sample unit and many long-term monitoring programs lack temporal replicate surveys. Occupancy models are often used to analyze long-term monitoring data to better understand how and why species redistribute across dynamic landscapes while accounting for incomplete capture. This study demonstrates the usefulness of investing in baseline information and data quality standards to increase capacity to make similar comparisons for other species in a timeframe that meet the needs of land managers and policy makers. cascadae detection probabilities are high, methods that allow the sampling process to be explicitly modeled are necessary to reliably track the status of the species. cascadae breeding in Oregon, it was likely a < 20% decline across our study period. Our analysis of field data combined with our simulation results suggests that if there was a decline in the proportion of sites used for R. Furthermore, we conducted a simulation exercise to assess the power of sampling designs to detect declines in R. cascadae breeding in the Cascade Range, Oregon, USA. Specifically, in 2018-2019 we resurveyed 67 sites that were surveyed approximately 15 y prior and fit occupancy models to quantify the distribution of R. We completed a comparative evaluation of the occurrence of breeding for Cascades Frog (Rana cascadae), an amphibian that is being considered for federal protection under the U.S. Conservation efforts need reliable information concerning the status of a species and their trends to help identify which species are in most need of assistance.
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